Whenever possible, programs work across an entire landscape to achieve results at scale. Landscape-level programs often center around the protection of natural standing forests, complemented by sustainable management and reforestation in surrounding areas. Protecting mature, natural forests provides the most benefit for the least cost, especially with regard to biodiversity conservation, carbon storage, and water resources preservation.

USAID Reforestation Activities

Reforestation is a complementary approach to protection for maintaining the Earth’s forests. In some countries and landscapes, forests are highly degraded or have been completely cleared, and reforestation is necessary. Reforestation is the intentional restoration or natural regeneration of forests on deforested land, and there are several ways to approach it.

USAID has targeted reforestation efforts in 11 countries. In all cases, USAID considers the policy and financial environment to inform how best to scale up reforestation and maintain restored forests and newly planted trees. This may involve clarifying property or tenure rights of land and trees to give those caring for them an incentive to be good stewards (e.g., in some countries, ownership of planted trees has traditionally reverted to the state). Additionally, economic incentives need to be in place to encourage investment in tree planting or forest management.

Private-sector engagement is critical to scaling up and sustaining reforestation efforts. This can include private sector commitments to purchase sustainable forest products, private sector interest in purchasing certified carbon credits, or private sector willingness to pay or provide seedlings in kind. See the attached fact sheet for examples of these different approaches in Guatemala, the Republic of Congo, Indonesia, and India.

USAID Reforestation Approaches

Natural regeneration of forests can be facilitated by protecting and better managing areas to allow naturally occurring young trees to reach maturity. Compared to agroforests or plantations, natural forests provide greater ecological benefits such as carbon sequestration, biodiversity conservation, and watershed resilience.

Active forest restoration involves reconstructing environmental conditions such as water table levels, fire regimes, or soil fertility, removing invasive species, and planting native tree species to enable forests to recover. This approach can be more expensive than natural regeneration, but is sometimes necessary in more degraded lands.

Agroforestry can be used to restore deforested and degraded land to agricultural systems that include trees for production, resilience, or conservation purposes. Agroforests often generate more income for landowners, but they provide fewer ecological benefits than natural forests.

Plantations can be established on deforested and degraded land to create productive areas, which may range from monocultures of a single tree species to a mix of tree species. These species may not be native to the region. Like agroforests, plantations often generate more income for landowners in the short term. However, plantations generally store less carbon and generate fewer ecological benefits than natural forests.